Both voltage and current divide in these circuits

Electric circuits often consist of several elements, some combined in series and others in parallel. The methods used to analyze series and parallel circuits can be combined to analyze these series-parallel circuits.

Series-parallel circuit. The Figure at right shows three impedances; two are connected in parallel and then connected in series with a third impedance. Each impedance can be a pure resistance, a pure inductance, a pure capacitance, or any combination of the three.

Here current (I) flows from the voltage source (V). The total current flowing from the source flows through impedance Z₁ (I = I₁). Using node C as a voltage reference, the voltage at node A is the voltage of the source (V). To obtain the voltage at node B, the voltage at node A must be decreased by the voltage drop across the impedance Z₁, or V_B=V_A-(I₁×Z₁).

Current division. The elements between nodes B and C are connected in parallel, so it's now necessary to use parallel circuit analysis methods. Both impedance elements (Z₂ and Z₃) have the same voltage across them (V_B - V_C), but the currents through them (I₂ and I₃) can be different. These currents can be found by applying Ohm's Law:

Using these results, you can derive an expression for current division. The voltage difference V_B - V_C can be expressed using Ohm's Law: V_B - V_C = I₂ ×Z₂ = I₃ ×Z₃. Rearranging this equation gives you

Applying Kirchhoff's Current Law at node B yields I₁ = I₂ + I₃, or I₂ = I₁ - I₃. Substituting for I₃ gives you

Solving for I₁ gives you

Now, resolving for I₂ gives you

Similarly, it can be shown that

These equations show how current divides through parallel impedances.

Voltage division. Determining the voltage at node B relative to node C illustrates the concept of voltage division. The paralleled impedances Z₂ and Z₃ can be equivalenced as Z_T, where

Solving this equation for Z_T gives you

Using node C as the voltage reference, the voltage at node B is the total current (I) times the equivalent impedance Z_T. It's been shown that V_B = V_A - (I₁ × Z₁). Setting the two expressions for V_B equal,

Solving for V_A gives you

or V_A-C = I₁ (Z₁ + Z_T). You can also express it as V_B-C = I₁ Z_T. You can use these equations to determine the voltage division across two series impedances. Applied to our sample circuit,

Inductance and capacitance. When impedances contain inductance and/or capacitance values, their numeric values are complex numbers that consist of a real component (the resistance) and an imaginary component (the reactance). Mathematically, imaginary numbers contain a factor of sq root -1, denoted by a "j." So a complex impedance consisting of 3 ohms of resistance and 4 ohms of inductive reactance is written as 3 + j4. The presence of the j can lead to arithmetic mistakes if you're not careful. Remember that j×j=j²=-1 to avoid errors.